12/7/2023 0 Comments Best free clipboard manager appsThe principle of utility is extremely simple. For example, you can put all home, office, and mobile number sets in the Telephones list, and keep links to your resume or portfolio on various web resources in the References list.Ĭopy Bubble, an excellent clipboard manager, picked up the idea of quick and easy access to the entire history of copying text and links on your smartphone. Lists are designed to improve navigation and search for the desired text passage. If you have a large number of snippets, you should group them into lists. This can also include long postal addresses, details of legal entities, and any contact information. For example, you can set several email signature options for business and personal correspondence, refer to them as needed, and quickly put them on the clipboard. The Snippets serve you well for quick access to specific text. view it, edit it and move it to Snippets. You can apply an action to each clipboard position, e.g. Exceeding this will delete the oldest entry. By default, this tab is limited to 20 positions. Of course, everything you copy in the automatic background goes into the Clipboard tab. You may also like: 11 Best Photo & Video Recovery apps Clipboard ManagerĪ simple and easy clipboard manager has a number of useful features and provides storage of the entire copying history, quick access to the saved, and the possibility of reuse.Ĭlipper contains three main bookmarks: Lists, Clipboard, and Snippets. Sending text from the clipboard by email or SMS.Convert the copied price to the currency you specify in the settings.Creation of a QR code containing the copied text.The program offers to activate any of the following possible operations: Here you can set the necessary direction to translate foreign words, customize some details of the appearance and behavior of the program as well as define the set of scripts that will appear when copying content to the clipboard. If you need to check some information, find out the translation of a word or share a phone number, you can do it much faster and more conveniently.Įvery time you copy a text, link, or picture to the clipboard, the Clipboard Actions & Notes application buttons will appear in the notification panel to launch one or another action.Īfter installing the Clipboard Actions utility, it’s better to take a look at its settings right away. Clipboard Actions & Notes is a simple application for Android mobile devices that automates the most popular clipboard operations.
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12/7/2023 0 Comments Cron job every 15 minutesJobs that are scheduled are known as cron jobs and are run periodically at fixed times, dates or intervals. The cron command line utility is a job scheduler used to schedule regular actions on your computer. Which means that with these rules you should then be able to schedule a cron job for any period you want. This is because numbers indicate the specific time, in this case minute 0, and the asterisk tells the computer to run the job from the first to the last of that field, so every hour of every day of every month. In this case, the syntax 0 * * * * will schedule the cron job for every hour of every day of every month on the hour. Where each field represents a period of time. | | | | | - Day of the Week (1-7, Monday to Sunday)
12/7/2023 0 Comments Sad tik tok ideasHe’s now an advocate for algorithm transparency. The results were analysed by data scientist and algorithm expert Guillaume Chaslot, a former Google engineer who worked on YouTube’s algorithm. What the paper found was that the video selections and view counts contracted, from popular videos about anything, to ones tightly focused on the interests it had identified. It would then stop scrolling to watch these videos, and rewatch some of them. The bot checked each video in its feed for hashtags or AI-identified images relating to its interests. Those interests weren’t ever entered into the app, just used as the basis for choosing the videos that the bot watched. The WSJ programmed bots to have an age, location, and a set of particular interests. TikTok starts by serving the account a selection of very popular videos vetted by app moderators.įrom these, it works to identify your interests. Open the app and you’ll immediately see an endless string of videos in your For You feed. The TikTok experience starts the same way for everyone. Through this one powerful signal, TikTok learns your most hidden interests and emotions, and drives you deep into rabbit holes of content that are hard to escape. We found out that TikTok only needs one of these to figure you out: How long you linger over a piece of content.Įvery second you hesitate or rewatch, the app is tracking you. The WSJ created a 13-minute video to share its findings. But the analysis suggested that one of the four is by far the most important … Officially, TikTok says that it uses four signals: what you watch, share, like, and follow. But the WSJ thinks it was able to work it out using a bunch of bot accounts – and the results were both fascinating and disturbing.Ī former Google engineer who worked on YouTube’s algorithm says that it takes essentially the same approach, but in a less extreme form. How TikTok’s algorithm works is probably the company’s most closely guarded secret. So far, it appears only very generic reasons are being offered – like “This video is popular in the United States” – but the company is promising greater granularity later … For any video, you can tap the Share panel then the question-mark icon called “Why this video?”. It comes from the Auto-Reframe feature that you can use to turn horizontal videos to vertical without any trouble.Update: TikTok says it is today launching a new tool to provide greater transparency on how videos are added to a user’s feed. There are more than 800 stunning effects that can enhance your videos. The tool lets you merge, rotate, split, trim, flip, and crop videos with a simple and modern UI. With this tool, you will be able to edit videos with minimum effort. It is a powerful video editing tool that comes with some amazing features. You can create high-quality videos using Filmora. Having a good caption for your videos is not enough you need to ensure you are posting good videos on your time. Part 3: Bonus Tip - Create TikTok Videos in Minutes Use the pain as fuel in your life and keep going.My vibe isn’t not everyone’s cup of tea. Best served with coffee and a dash of sarcasm.The older you are, the better you become.The question isn't who is going to let me it is who will stop me. 12/7/2023 0 Comments Lolita coords sitesI cannot wait to see the beautiful poetry that you’ll make.A: Lolita is a Japanese fashion that revolves around a very feminine look that is often very cute and elegant. But hope that International Ita Day (and every day) inspires you to create daring experiments and push the boundaries of the fashion. I love and will continue to wear coordinates that fit within the “rules” of lolita fashion. They’re pushing up against what it means when we write a sonnet. However, when a lolita intentionally mixes in decora accessories or wears a pair of chunky Demonia boots, they’re inviting the community to consider what “breaking the rules” might mean. Maybe you’re writing a haiku and not a sonnet. Wearing a jumperskirt without a blouse doesn’t mean that you aren’t wearing j-fashion, maybe just that you’re not wearing lolita. Lolitas aren’t just writing an email, they’re composing poetry. In the same way, lolita fashion asks those who wear it to follow it’s rules. People still find rich meaning to the confines of sonnets. Shakespeare’s sonnets are still studied precisely because people are interested in the ways in which the poems do or don’t follow the expected form. Changes to rhyme scheme or meter can signal to the reader that there is further intended meaning. However, that doesn’t mean that the “rules” of a sonnet have to be restrictive. We aren’t necessarily passing judgment on a poem when we say, “You didn’t write a sonnet.” We’re observing that when you don’t use the rhyme scheme associated with an English sonnet, you’ve created something else. The framework that we use to write poetry is different from composing an email, and the rules of a sonnet are different than those of a haiku. We wouldn’t try to say that all writing is poetry, or that all poems are sonnets. Shakespeare’s sonnets followed a rich tradition of this highly specific poetic form, making changes (including typical subject matter) that made his poetry standout. These poems had strict rules: 14 lines, a defined rhyme scheme, and specific meter. In that way, the “rules” function more like a poetic form.Īs you probably recall from high school writing classes, English playwright William Shakespeare is also the author of more than 150 poems (often called English sonnets or Shakespearean sonnets). The rules are a framework that lolitas work inside and outside of in order to create art. However, I think that framing the “rules” this way is overly simplistic. What’s the point of a counter culture if there’s just more rules? “You must wear a petticoat.” “Your shoulders must be covered.” “Never wear sandals.” “No cleavage allowed.” Coordinates that don’t follow these commandments are branded with comments of “Not lolita.” This hardly seems like a movement against fashion norms. There are countless images, blogs, and videos that outline the strict confines of the fashion. Some rules, however, seem like they’re more or less written in stone, including the iconic silhouette.įor those outside lolita or those just beginning, the rules seem at odds with an alternative fashion. Some guides advised that wearing black and white dresses was a sure way to be an “ita.” Now, many brands release black and white dresses are sell out upon release. However, classic and gothic brands regularly release tea length dresses. Some older rule books state that dresses are meant to be at or just below the knee. On a very basic level, things like the “ Lolita Fashion Guidebook” are meant to draw a line between “clothes” and “lolita fashion.” Though you can buy dresses at most clothing stores, not all dresses are “lolita.” As we’ve seen, these rules are flexible. While this event was meant as a playful way to experiment with fashion, it got me thinking about the “rules” and the way they function in lolita fashion. Many people also posted thoughtful commentary about their interpretation of the rules and how they incorporated or broke them in their coordinates. It was wonderful to see the creativity in the coordinates that people wore, intentionally breaking the “rules” of lolita. These outfits are sometimes referred to as “ita”, a pun based on the Japanese word for “painful”. This event celebrated coordinates that broke the rules of lolita fashion. A few weeks ago, the lolita community celebrated it’s first “International Ita Day”, hosted by the people behind Okei!!! Podcast. 12/7/2023 0 Comments Mp3 to audio converter magyarIt allows you to directly download all YouTube playlist videos in MP3 audio format in one click. Save.Tube is the best YouTube playlist to MP3 converter. With Save.Tube you can download entire YouTube Playlist videos as MP4 in one click! We're the fastest online YouTube video downloader and the only tool that lets you download YouTube videos easily from 1080p to 4K and even 8K! instantly and fast. It lets you to download all YouTube channel videos directly as MP3 audio format in one click. Save.Tube is the best MP3 converter for YouTube channel videos, it works on Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Opera, Safari and supports all operating systems like Windows, Linux, Mac OS X, also you can convert and download channel YouTube videos using your mobile phone running Android or iOS. With Save.Tube you can download entire YouTube channels as MP4 videos in one click! We're the fastest online YouTube video downloader and the only tool that lets you download YouTube videos easily from 1080p to 4K and even 8K! instantly and fast. You can easily download and convert YouTube videos to MP3 format directly for offline playback.Įasily convert YouTube videos to any format like MP4, WebM, and MP3 so you can play your downloaded videos on any platform or device like Windows PC, Mac, Linux, iPhone, iPod and Android mobiles. Save.Tube is the best free YouTube to MP3 converter and downloader tool. Save.Tube fully supports mobile phones running Android and iOS, so you can easily download and save your favorite YouTube videos on your mobile phone without any extra tools. Save.Tube is the best free online YouTube video downloader tool to get your favorite video clips from YouTube, it does not only allows you to choose between many formats & qualities but also allows greater download speeds. You can download YouTube videos in either 30FPS (frames per second) or 60FPS (frames per second) so your downloaded videos will be more smoothly animated. Save.Tube allows downloading videos & media files with all qualities like FHD, 1080p, Ultra HD, 2K, 4K, 8K, HDR with fast downloading speeds without any waiting time. You can download and save YouTube videos in many formats like MP4, MP3, WebM. Save.Tube is a free online & simple to use platform to download videos and music files from YouTube, Tiktok, Facebook, Instagram, SoundCloud, Twitch, Vimeo, Twitter, bilibili and more than +1000 media sites. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Id yelp reviewerCrozz Concept's cabin, which featured a retractable steering wheel and sliding rear doors, it still offers a contemporary design with high-tech features, ambient lighting, and generous cargo space. While the ID.4's interior is less flashy than the ID. For more information about the ID.4's fuel economy, visit the EPA's website. Our testing was completed in near-freezing temperatures, which can drastically reduce driving range, so the 190-mile result is more impressive than it sounds. Note: we've found from our testing that EPA range numbers can overstate or understate the real-world highway range difference between EVs. On our 75-mph highway fuel-economy test route, the rear-wheel-drive ID.4 delivered 82 MPGe and sailed on for 190 miles. The EPA rates the rear-wheel-drive ID.4 Pro S's fuel economy at 104 MPGe city and 89 MPGe highway the rear-wheel-drive Pro model is slightly more efficient at 107 MPGe city, 91 MPGe highway. The cheaper Standard model sports a smaller 58-kWh battery and a shorter 208-mile driving range. The battery can be charged at home on 110- or 240-volt connections, of course, and it's also capable of DC fast-charging. Unfortunately for VW, that's less than the 330 miles of EPA estimated range for the Tesla Model Y. The EPA estimates that the ID.4's optional 77.0-kWh battery pack is capable of holding enough juice to power the SUV up to 275 miles between charges, which puts it in the mix with other electric SUVs such as the Hyundai Kona Electric and the Kia Niro EV. Comparing the Volkswagen ID.4 and Audi Q4 e-tron.2022 VW ID.4 Updated, U.S.-Built 2023 Model Coming.2023 VW ID.4's New Base Model Starts at $38,790.The ID.4 handles less sharply than some other EVs, but we appreciate its smooth and refined ride quality and quiet cabin. Going for the more powerful all-wheel-drive model sharpens the ID.4's accelerative performance, as evidenced by its 5.4-second jump to 60 mph at our test track. The rear-wheel-drive ID.4 isn't slow by traditional compact-crossover standards, but its 7.6-second run to 60 mph in our testing demonstrates that it's far more laid back than quicker EV competitors. Also lacking is the traditional gut-punch acceleration that electric vehicles often provide. Regenerative braking helps recapture energy when slowing the vehicle, but the familiar one-pedal driving that EV drivers have come to appreciate is largely missing here, even in the ID.4's most aggressive regenerative mode. Maximum towing capacity is a stout 2700 pounds. With the single rear-mounted motor, the ID.4 makes 201 horsepower, but the dual-motor, all-wheel-drive model pumps out 295. The optional dual-motor, the all-wheel-drive powertrain is worth the upgrade, too, as it boosts horsepower and improves performance. Pricing and Which One to BuyĪlthough the new Standard model carries the most budget-friendly price tag, we'd opt for the mid-range Pro to help maximize the ID.4's range and unlock the ability to DC fast charge at public charging terminals. The center console has been slightly redesigned, interior upholstery options have been refreshed, and Pro S models receive illuminated Volkswagen logos on the front and back. All models now come standard with the larger 12.0-inch infotainment display that was optional last year and VW has peppered in several minor design enhancements such as gloss black exterior trim, updated wheel designs, and changes to the available paint colors. Also new to the ID.4 family is the fanciest Pro S Plus trim, which adds luxury features such as heated rear seats, a three-zone automatic climate control system, unique 20-inch wheels, and a premium stereo system. The entry-level Standard model joins the lineup this year with an attractive base price, but it uses a smaller 58-kWh battery pack and comes with an estimated 208-mile driving range. Volkswagen has moved production of the U.S.-spec ID.4 to its plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee for the 2023 model year. 6 Chevrolet Bolt EUV STARTING AT: $28,795 What's New for 2023? 12/6/2023 0 Comments Alter oversized graphic teeThey’ll need to be double the width of the pouch plus 2″ (you can always shorten these later, no worries). I even took pictures of the book for you, which I’m 93% sure might be illegal, so.įor the drawstring, cut two pieces of cord, yarn, string, whatever. For the rest of this tutorial, I’ve consulted How to Make Assorted Purses from Let’s Make Cute Stuff by Aranzi Aronzo. Now your bag has a front and back flap and should still be inside out. Make two 1.5-2″ (whatever you added) cuts down opposite sides of the top of the bag. Turn this inside out and sew the bottom of the bag together. Decide how long you want your pouch to be, add about 1.5-2″ and cut the sleeve to that length. Cute! Drawstring PouchĬut the sleeves from a long-sleeve t-shirt and remove the bottom hem. Best of all, your shirt’s logo will be safe and sound on your thighs / hips. This tutorial on Cut Out and Keep is simple and straightforward. I know this might sound insane, but it’s entirely possible to make cropped yoga pants out of a t-shirt. You’ve basically elongated shirt A via the middle of shirt B, thereby creating a cute, belted-looking shirt dress kind of thing. Remember that the pieces must be right sides facing when you sew them to create the hidden seam, etc. Sew the band of shirt B to the middle of shirt A. Take another shirt with complimentary colors and cut the middle out of it – the area from underarm to bellybutton, for example. You now have two halves of what used to be a very cute shirt. Cut the oversized shirt in half (not necessarily exactly) across the waistline somewhere. You’ll need to figure out what you want to do with the sleeves and neckline, but you’ll definitely want to alter them somehow. This will leave you with two pieces of fabric coming from both shoulders that can now be tied around the back of your neck. You’re going to cut down the side seams and the across the middle of the back, then cut the remaining fabric in half vertically to create ties. Keeping in mind that you’ll need some of the fabric left in tact for tying purposes, cut off the top half of the back of the shirt. Remove the sleeves and cut the neckhole in the style of option C above. Remember that more material will be cut from the back of the sleeve than from the front. Repeat for the other armhole, using the cut sleeve as a pattern. Take the shirt off and cut a new armhole along the lines you have drawn, making sure to cut the front fabric and back fabric separately. On the front of the shirt, mark a shallow scoop from shoulder seam to bottom of armhole. Step 3ĭraw a deep scoop on the shirt’s back from the seam of the shoulder to the armhole, following your marks from the previous step. (You can use the racer-back top that you are wearing as a guide or create an original line.) The cut lines will be different for the front and back of the shirt. Then, on your shoulder blade, mark how far in towards the center of your back you want the sleeve to go. On the top of one shoulder, mark the width of the new shoulder with tailor’s chalk or a pencil. If you have one, put a racer-back bra or tank top on underneath the t-shirt to use as a guide. + Generation T: 108 Ways to Transform a T-ShirtĬheck out the cute bartenders from Mason Dixon NYC sporting their cut-up Autostraddle shirts at the Rodeo Disco:.+ 99 Ways to Cut, Sew, Trim, and Tie Your T-Shirt into Something Special.+ T-Shirt Makeovers: 20 Transformations for Fabulous Fashions.These are mostly no-sew projects, with the exception of a few entry-level gigs (aka ‘sewing in a straight line’), and can be used to make any t-shirt better / different / something else entirely.īooks about t-shirt DIY that you will probably like: We’re gonna show you how to cut ’em up and turn them into things you like! While you’re at it, grab some other t-shirts that you’ve been saving for no reason in particular. What if the style and fit of a new shirt doesn’t suit your body? What if you’re not really a ‘t-shirt’ person? Will you just drag your sorry ass through this world without any Autostraddle gear to call your own? NO DON’T BE CRAZY. The Autostraddle Encyclopedia of Lesbian Cinema.LGBTQ Television Guide: What To Watch Now. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Iobit windows 8 classic start menuTo easily change the font size or font color, image of the account and language simply select the option you’d like to use. However, if you don’t like it, simply uncheck the box and after that, click the button to change the color…to alter the hue of the background. Clicking the box “Program backgrounds change color in line with the theme of the system” will make the background color of the Start Menu changes with the system theme. The IObit StartMenu8 is an accurate recreation from the Windows 7 start menu that includes all the shortcuts to items like “Computer” or “Control Panel.” To make sure that the Modern UI works exactly in the way you’d expect it to, the program offers seven choices for users. This is important if you have several similar items within the start menu but you don’t wish to search. It isn’t possible to use arrow keys to navigate through the Start menu. So, you could get a menu similar to the one you’ll find in Windows 7, or you can design your own custom menu.Īnother inconsistency can be explained by the fact that IObit StartMenu8 is in the beta stage. It is possible to customize the menu to exactly what you’d like. It takes just about a minute before you’re redirected to a familiar interface. In addition, with a 20 percent faster-searching speed Start Menu 8 can deliver results faster and the exact results are averted by having to type in keywords repeatedly for the exact file. You can launch the program upon login and disallow the booting process into the Modern UI, although we were unable to make the latter option work. There’s not a lot of options to alter with the IObit StartMenu8. Beware that this program may be dangerous or could contain unneeded packaged software. You can switch easily to the Windows 10 start menu from the traditional start menu with just one click.īlockedIt’s very likely that this program is malicious or includes unneeded software. You can choose buttons that look like the traditional Windows 7 button or set your preferred image as the Start button for Windows 8 & Windows 10 style. Additionally, you can click to join taskbar buttons and remove the Cortana/Search button and the virtual desktops that take up significant space on the taskbar. When you install Start Menu 8, you have the option of changing the appearance of your taskbar, such as the color, alpha, and the system time display. Start Menu 8 offers you the alternative to return the Local Search bar, and switch your search engine to Cortana. It provides a simple and simple way to toggle between the most recent Windows 10 start menu and the Windows classic Start Menu. It is specifically designed to restore the traditional Classic Start Menu to Windows 8/8.1 and Windows 10. Here it loses out to Start8 which can morph its entire appearance and even simulate the Modern UI (formerly known as Metro) interface.Start Menu 8 is a customizable desktop tool intended for Windows users. You can also change the appearance of the start button to match Windows 8, XP, Windows 7, etc., though the menu itself retains the look of Windows 8. You can show or hide the items such as administrative tools, control panel, documents, network, photos, etc., as well as disable the hot corners and the Windows 8 sidebar. Start Menu 8 installs easily, mimics the Windows 7 Start menu to a tee-including the search field-and is just as configurable as that which it seeks to duplicate. Start Menu 8 looks and works just like a native app. Stardock’s Start8, a $5 alternative, has been the most seamless replacement for several months, but it’s now going to have to share the larger part of that honor with Iobit’s Start Menu 8, which is free. Third-party replacement of the missing Windows 8 Start menu (I’m sorry, the Modern/Metro UI is not a start menu) has become quite the booming cottage industry. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Mac mail rule before spamsieveSwitch it on and junk gets filtered first, then rules are applied to the remaining good messages. If you leave it off, it’s possible that a rule you’ve created will grab a junky message because of some errant word in the message body or header entry. The last option, Filter Junk Mail Before Applying My Rules is worth enabling if you use Rules to filter your e-mail. This helps Mail more accurately identify junk. When you enable this option you tell Mail that you want it to pay attention to your ISP’s judgment regarding the junkiness of the e-mail you receive from it. I have two Macs, one at work and one at home. Perhaps you can tell me what I don’t understand. ISPs will run their own check on mail before it’s sent to you. I am a satisfied user of SpamSieve (for several years), but must admit that I need to violate the setup instructions to make SpamSieve work the way I want. I have three SpamSieve rules, two for IMAP accounts and one for a POP3 account. Next down the list is Trust Junk Mail Headers Set by my Internet Service Provider. I’m running Spamsieve 2.9.49 on macOS Monterey 12.4 on a Mac Studio and using Mail Version 16.0 (3696.100.31) as my client. You’re welcome to enable it and see if it’s effective. I’ve received spam that is indeed addressed to my full name. I have less confidence in the last option. If you find questionable addresses, select them and click the Remove From List button. The second option is also worth checking, but before you do choose Window -> Previous Recipients and make sure the addresses you find there are all from “good” recipients. Unless you routinely correspond with spammers, check the first option. Under the The Following Types of Messages Are Exempt From Junk Mail Filtering heading you see Sender of Message is in my Address Book, Sender of Message is in my Previous Recipients, and Message is Addressed Using My Full Name. I re-read the manual and it says that Apple Mail should have a rule installed when I ran the SpamSieve/Install Apple Mail Plug-in menu item (I did). But the same exact spam keeps showing up in my Inbox. Mail provides you with some broad options in the Junk Mail window for more easily sorting wheat from chaff. I installed SpamSieve two days ago and have been dutifully marking spam as such according to the Message/SpamSieve - Train as Spam menu item. As its name suggests, this option tells Mail to automatically move mail it’s identified as junk to a Junk folder, which appears under the On My Mac heading in Mail’s Mailboxes pane. When it hits far more often than it misses, you can return to the Junk Mail window within Mail’s preferences and enable the Move it to the Junk Mailbox option. Over time, with your tutelage, Mail will go beyond its native powers to identify junk and better pinpoint messages that you believe are junk. 12/6/2023 0 Comments Key parts of a telescopeOnce the fairing was closed before launch this auxiliary helium tank could no longer be used and boil-off began. To maintain a cold environment inside the cryostat during the last few days before launch in Kourou, an auxiliary liquid Helium tank was used. After leaving the instruments the evaporated gas was further used to cool the 3 thermal shields of the cryostat, before venting into space: the helium venting effectively counterbalanced almost exactly the light pressure on the sun shield.ĭuring ground operations, the vacuum vessel was closed by the means of a cover, located at its top, which was opened once in orbit. The enthalpy of the gas was used efficiently to cool parts of the instruments that did not require the low temperature of the tank (two temperature levels, at around 4K and around 10K). The heat load on the tank evaporated the Helium over the mission lifetime at an estimated rate of about 200 grams per day. In orbit the liquid Helium was maintained inside the main tank by means of a phase separator (a sintered steel plug). Further cooling down to 0.3K, required for two instruments (the SPIRE and PACS bolometers), was achieved by dedicated 3He sorption coolers that were part of the respective instrument focal plane unit. The cryostat provided 1.7K as its lowest service temperature to the instruments. This is achieved with a total amount of 2160 litres of helium cryogen. The temperature required in the instrument focal plane was provided down to 1.7K by a large superfluid helium dewar (helium at 1.6K), sized for a scientific mission of 3.5 years. The cooling concept for the Herschel instruments was based on the proven principle used for the ISO mission. The Herschel cryostat housed the focal plane units of the three scientific instruments depicted in Figure 2.3. Key telescope data are summarised in Table 2.2. The telescope was initially kept warm after launch into space to prevent it acting as a cold trap for outgassed volatiles while the rest of the spacecraft was cooling down. The M1 and M2 optical surfaces were coated with a reflective aluminium layer, covered by a thin protective "plasil" (silicon oxide) coating. In-flight results confirmed the correctness of the focus position, although there was no possibility of in-flight adjustments such as focusing. The measured wavefront performance in cold was in line with the requirements. The proper telescope alignment and optical performance were measured on the ground in cold conditions. The focus was approximately one metre below the vertex of M1, inside the cryostat. Finally, three quasi-isostatic bipods, made of titanium, supported the primary mirror and interfaced with the cryostat. The hexapod structure (also made of SiC) supported M2 in a stable position with respect to M1. In order to avoid the Narcissus effect on the detectors, the central part of the secondary mirror was shaped in such a way that no parasitic reflected beam could enter the focal plane. It was adjusted on the SiC barrel by tilt and focus adjustment shims. The secondary mirror (M2), with 308-mm diameter, was manufactured in a single SiC piece. The primary mirror (M1) was made out of 12 segments that were brazed together to form a monolithic mirror, which was machined and polished to the required thickness (~3-mm) and accuracy. The telescope was constructed almost entirely of silicon carbide (SiC). The chosen optical design was a classical Cassegrain with a 3.5-m diameter primary and an "undersized" secondary. Figure 2.2. The Herschel telescope flight model seen in the clean room at ESTEC, prior to transport to Kourou. |
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